University botanical gardens and arboreta are more than just pretty places
Many of these campus gardens have become leaders in botanical education, horticultural research and conservation.
Until recently, the existence of a two-million-year-old tree had been suggested only through fossil records. Then, one September day in 1994, a parks officer was bushwalking through an isolated canyon in Australia’s Wollemi National Park when he happened on some ancient-looking trees that he did not recognize, some up to 40 metres tall. The “extinct” tree, which scientists have since said likely dates back as far as 200 million years, was very much alive. The discovery was compared to finding a living dinosaur.
A plan for the recovery of the “Wollemi Pine” was started and material for its propagation was released worldwide in 2006. This spring, visitors to the Memorial University Botanical Garden were treated to the big reveal of one of these rebounding “dinosaur trees” after seven years of coaxing a small, scruffy-looking donated sapling into a vigorous, healthy specimen.
“It was like a Charlie Brown Christmas tree,” says Todd Boland, research horticulturist at the Memorial garden. “It was only a foot and a half tall and we looked at it and said, ‘What in the heck do we do with this?’ But it is an extremely endangered species. … Now, the tree is closing in on six feet tall. The ugly duckling has turned into a beautiful swan.”
Botanical gardens have long been associated with showcasing the exotic, as well as the pretty. But the Wollemi Pine story shows that they are also playing an important role in preserving the Earth’s biodiversity against challenges such as climate change and habitat destruction, while capturing the public’s attention in order to broaden interest and knowledge about why biodiversity matters. More than just an object of fascination, Memorial’s Wollemi Pine is being used as a teaching tool for groups of schoolchildren learning about the natural world and conservation.
Among botanical gardens generally, “there has been a pretty major shift from the Victorian-era curio-collections and pleasure gardens to modern cultural institutions providing unique and important services to their communities,” says Abby Meyer, executive director of Botanic Gardens Conservation International U.S., a leading organization which counts some Canadian university gardens among its members. “As environmental issues have grown, many gardens have become leaders in botanical education, horticulture, research and conservation.”
There is no standardized definition for what makes a botanical garden, but the hallmarks are that the plants are labelled and documented, the garden is open to the public and has some kind of scientific and/or educational program. An arboretum is similar, except it is dedicated to the collection and display of woody plants (trees and shrubs).
Click the arrows to see images from some of the universities’ botanical gardens.
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As teaching and learning institutions, universities seem a natural fit for hosting botanical gardens. Universities of 16th-century Italy are credited with developing some of the earliest versions. These “physic gardens” focused on the study of medicinal plants, in the days before modern pharmacology. Several contemporary Canadian university botanical gardens, in tribute, have set aside space for similar plantings, along with spaces featuring plants used by Indigenous peoples for their own medicines and food. Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario, had one of the earliest Canadian botanical gardens, set up in 1861 by the Botanical Society of Canada for the study of botany, but it lasted only a few years.
These days, there are fewer than a dozen botanical gardens and arboreta among Canadian universities, mirroring the country’s limited share of these gardens generally, compared to the U.S. and Europe. The University of British Columbia Botanical Garden is the oldest. The garden was established in 1916 by B.C.’s provincial botanist, “Botany John” Davidson, on the university’s Point Grey campus as part of his mandate to research the province’s native flora. It has since earned an international reputation, with 50,000 catalogued plants representing 5,000 types, and has the largest collection of Asian plants in the country. “We are very fortunate in that we have this unique ecosystem and climate here that allows us to grow temperate plants from anywhere in the world,” says Patrick Lewis, the garden’s director.
Most of the country’s other university botanical gardens began out of a similar drive for a living laboratory to support learning and research. The University of Alberta Botanic Garden, with 2,500 different plant types, was established on donated land in 1959 as part of the department of botany. Memorial’s garden, also with 2,500 plant types, was initiated by its biology department in 1971 in a corner of Pippy Park in St. John’s. Preparing the site for opening required hauling out old cars previously junked in its four-hectare Oxen Pond, now home to a pair of breeding osprey. The University of Saskatchewan’s Patterson Garden Arboretum was started on university land in 1966 as one of several federal government sites testing the prairie hardiness and adaptability of various trees, shrubs and vines. The government ended its research in 2001, but Patterson carries on the work.
There’s a certain Northern pride at these gardens, as staff push the boundaries of what’s possible to grow in their hardiness zone, a numbered system for categorizing which plants can tolerate the local climate. “There are things that grow here that I have no explanation for why they survive,” says Ruby Swanson, general manager of U of A’s garden. Mr. Boland from Memorial has had similar experiences: “I’m always ordering in seeds for things that may be a bit borderline. I might get some enjoyment out of them for three or four years and suddenly Mother Nature says, ‘Well, really, you’re living in zone five. We’re going to give you a zone five winter this year and test just how good you are.’”
Every university botanical garden dedicates special effort and space towards the conservation of native plants, especially those considered threatened or endangered. Most, if not all, offer an Index Seminum (Latin for “seed list”), a free-of-charge exchange of documented plant seeds among botanic gardens worldwide. Beyond a friendly way to add to each other’s collections, the system provides vital global insurance against loss of plant species and varieties.
Growing threatened native Ontario trees, in part to create seed that can be shared, is one way the University of Guelph Arboretum goes beyond being a “tree zoo,” says director Shelley Hunt. “The ultimate goal is to have it all back out on the landscape.” That’s what the arboretum did recently when it provided blue ash seed to tree nurseries doing restoration work in the wake of the emerald ash borer, which is currently decimating North America’s ash populations. Blue ash, while rare, appears to have greater resistance to the beetle than other types of ash trees, a good example of why it’s so important to conserve as many genetic expressions of a species as possible.
The most valuable seeds are those gathered in the wild and identified by where they were found. UBC’s is the rare university botanical garden that has the money, thanks to a five-year anonymous donation, to carry out overseas identification – in this case, the collection and conservation of endangered, endemic plants in the mountains of northern Vietnam. Done in partnership with that country’s Academy of Science and Technology, the project uses a drone developed at Université de Sherbrooke to not only scout above the treetops, but also to collect botanical samples from plants in this biodiversity hotspot.
“There’s so much there, we could probably go back every year for the next 20 years and still find material,” says Douglas Justice, the garden’s associate director of horticulture and collections who has taken part in the expeditions. But it is also a race against time. Local people still cut down trees for everyday needs such as fuel or building material, and motorcyclists are commonly seen driving the roads with chainsaws in their baskets. Habitat loss due to human development is a worldwide problem.
Most university botanical gardens pay special attention to the research aspect of their mission, providing support for researchers in their own academic community and beyond. Researchers at Memorial are using the botanical garden to study bird mating behaviours through birdsong. The U of A’s garden hosted research into canola plants and chickadee feeding this spring and has been the backdrop for research into improving child health through nature-based physical activity. Acadia University’s Harriet Irving Botanical Gardens is one of many that maintain an experimental area, with faculty researching the propagation of plants native to the Acadian forest region using seeds from the garden’s seed bank. Université Laval’s Roger-Van den Hende Botanical Garden is among those gardens providing research facilities and support for private industry.
Memorial biology professor Luise Hermanutz calls her university’s botanical garden “integral” to a nearly 20-year provincial project to recover several threatened plants found uniquely on the windswept limestone barrens of Newfoundland’s northern peninsula, where human activity such as gravel pit extraction has taken its toll. Besides growing a willow from the area, Memorial’s garden collects and freezes the seeds of other rare, tiny flowering plants called Long’s and Fernald’s braya that researchers like Dr. Hermanutz are trying to repopulate.
“The whole idea is that these gardens are there in case of a catastrophe. But they’re also there for these very important projects,” she says. “We get a lot of support from the botanical garden.”
At a time when there’s growing emphasis on experiential learning, botanical gardens also allow students and faculty to truly get their hands dirty. Dr. Hermanutz teaches her students about trees in the Memorial garden’s boreal forest: “Students love getting out there.” More than 30 undergraduate classes at U of Guelph incorporate the university’s arboretum into their curriculum, from biology to fine arts. Laval students head into their garden for hands-on learning about photography, entomology, biology and plant diseases.
Universities are also leveraging their gardens’ soul-soothing properties by incorporating them into mental-health strategies. More than 100 students lined up in a greenhouse at Acadia’s garden last semester for a “Self-Care with Succulents” plant-potting event. Memorial runs a popular “Green Mindfulness” program as part of a larger weekly wellness drop-in event. A collaboration between the botanical garden and its student wellness centre, students develop mindfulness thinking skills through a potting project they can take home. The garden provides plants with a high chance of thriving, even if someone misses a watering. “I refer lots of students to the program,” says Kelly Neville, Memorial’s student wellness coordinator. “We make it part of the treatment plan for students who can benefit.”
These programs help gardens boost their relevance on campus, especially since most are located some distance away from the main buildings. The gardens also build bridges to the surrounding communities. “We’re out there at least once or twice a week. The beauty of that garden is just how many plants there are,” says Princeton Lim, a Vancouver physician who walks UBC’s garden regularly with his wife.
U of A’s garden runs an educational program for 17,000 schoolchildren each year that usually sells out. On top of that, the anticipated opening of U of A’s $25-million Aga Khan Garden, gifted by the spiritual leader of the world’s Ismaili Muslims, is expected to more than double attendance, from 75,000 to 160,000 annually. The 4.8-hectare garden will have traditional features such as running water and reflecting pools, filtered light, geometric patterns and exquisite scents – nearly every plant will have a fragrance. “There’s nothing like this in North America. It is spectacular,” says Ms. Swanson. The university hopes the garden’s official opening will take place in 2019, while construction is expected to be completed this year.
All those visitors can also be important to the bottom line. Admission fees (some gardens are free), facility rentals for weddings and conferences, educational workshops, donations and gift shop sales are typical revenue sources for gardens that rely on more than their universities for their budget – which is most. That’s pushed them to get creative. Memorial’s garden drew 14,000 visitors last December for its holiday lights festival, in addition to a Halloween “Boo-tanical” garden event featuring poisonous plants, and a popular “Game of Gnomes” evening, where visitors search the garden for hand-crafted gnome homes.
UBC’s Sustainable Communities Field School initiative brings in local businesses for team-building events. Participants get a true bird’s-eye view from 20 metres above the ground in the garden’s treetop canopy walk and learn why living in balance with nature is important. “You really can’t isolate one thing and not affect something else,” says Dr. Lim, who brought a group of medical colleagues out to the field school last summer. “It makes me think when I make my coffee in the morning or take a shower, how all of that affects the rest of the ecosystem.”
That’s music to the ears of UBC’s Mr. Lewis because, for him, botanical gardens are there not only to protect the plants they have, but to spur the social change needed to make the world a more hospitable place for plants of all kinds. To do that, though, they must continue forging relationships beyond the garden walls and counter the idea that they are “just an expensive form of stamp collecting.”
The garden “has always been doing the work it’s supposed to do, but we’re much more conscious now of the need to let people know what we’re doing,” says Mr. Lewis. “It’s an oasis for the soul to walk through the gardens when the magnolias are in bloom. But, more importantly, it’s an oasis for the plants – and the plants of the world are deeply threatened right now.”
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